All posts by Jillian York

 

Making History Out of Footnotes

Best of In The Fray 2010. A look at one man’s take on the reality of Gaza through his unique brand of comic art.

Joe Sacco's Footnotes in Gaza

The massacres of 386 Palestinians in two Gaza Strip towns—Rafah and Khan Younis—by Israeli soldiers in 1956 have not left much of an imprint on history. At the time, the media was preoccupied with the Suez Crisis, and as a character in Joe Sacco’s new graphic novel Footnotes in Gaza laments, Gaza is a place “where the ink never dries” before the next calamity happens. Footnotes is Sacco’s impassioned attempt to set the historical record straight, to make the massacres more than a footnote.

“History can do without its footnotes,” he says. “Footnotes are inessential at best; at worst they trip up the greater narrative.”

Sacco himself only learned of the massacres from a brief mention in The Fateful Triangle, Noam Chomsky’s indictment of America’s pro-Israeli policies that was published in 1983. In 2003, he returned to Gaza—where he had previously traveled on assignment for Harper’s during the second intifada—to investigate the killings. Footnotes draws from his interviews with witnesses and survivors, examinations of Israeli archives, news stories, and United Nations photos.

Like Art Spiegelman (Maus) and Ed Piskor (Macedonia), Sacco is a master of what could best be described as “graphic journalism,” his two previous books—the award-winning Palestine and Safe Area Goražde—also using the form. In Footnotes, he alternates images of Gaza in the 1950s with images from present-day Gaza. One drawing, for example, shows neat rows of houses that made up a refugee camp in 1956; that is contrasted with an image of the same camp today, rocks holding down shabbily built roofs, a sea of satellite dishes on top of them. Similarly, when Sacco’s Gaza subjects tell their stories, images of them in the 1950s are juxtaposed with images of them now, their faces showing the toll of a hard life.

Sacco’s method has a tremendously compelling quality, in that his juxtaposing technique evokes a sense of what might have been, as readers grapple with the subjectivity of each storyteller’s memory. In one scene, Gazans debate over when exactly a family member died and was buried. Their memories are eroded from the passage of time—and from pain. The technique also evokes a sense of continuity, weaving together the past and present, and demonstrating the inexhaustible nature of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

As if to demonstrate just how intertwined the past and present are in Palestine, Sacco touches on the death of Rachel Corrie, an American activist who was run over by an Israeli Defense Forces bulldozer while she protested the demolition of a house in Rafah in 2003. On the same day that Corrie was killed, Ahmed El-Najjar, a Rafah resident, was shot by Israeli forces in the head, chest, and leg, reportedly while standing in his own doorway. As Corrie’s body lies in the morgue, surrounded by the flashes of photojournalists’ cameras, El-Najjar is left alone by the media, tended to by only his family. “The killing of a Palestinian in Gaza is a routine occurrence,” Sacco observes. “His loss will cause not a ripple outside of his immediate circle of family, friends, and neighbors.” In one chilling image on one page, Sacco expresses the book’s message: death and destruction are so commonplace in Gaza that the details become simply footnotes, existing only in the memories of Gaza’s residents.

If one aspect of Sacco’s work must be criticized, it might be his apparent inability to leave anything out. Footnotes in Gaza is 432 pages thick (compared to Palestine, which comes in at only 288 much narrower pages) and, at times, feels cluttered. Fortunately, it’s split into sections and can easily be read piecemeal once the reader passes the introduction.

Footnotes does not provide a broad history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, nor does it answer any of its big questions. And though it is not a sequel to Palestine, those without much knowledge of the intricacies of Israel’s and Palestine’s histories would do well to go back and read Palestine first. But Footnotes provides an intimate look into the lives of ordinary Palestinians whose memories of 50 years of conflict are permanently ingrained into their outlook on life. It is one man’s take on the reality of Gaza, brought to vivid life by his unique brand of comic art.

 

Leaving Meknes

Memories of a favorite Moroccan city.

 

As I get ready for work, I finger a row of books on the shelf, tickling the spines of favorite titles, like John Updike’s Brazil and Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita, until I reach a tiny volume. My fingers rest upon the broken and bent spine of Allan Hibbard’s Paul Bowles, Magic, and Morocco, and I’m transported to the day when I stumbled upon it in a bookstore, lead to it by kismet, in search of some biography, some nonfiction work I never found. Then I remember the days I spent reading it, shaded by an orange tree in the hot Meknassi sun four Augusts ago. I remember those first days more clearly than any that succeeded them: sitting coyly at one of the two outdoor tables at Coin de Feu, attempting to flirt with the waiter, watching Japanese tourists — who always seemed to find this tucked-away treasure of a café — from behind my sunglasses, and sipping on mint teas and cappuccinos.  The café was surrounded by flourishing orange trees, and occasionally, an orange would fall to the ground with a thud, only to be picked up or kicked like a soccer ball by a passing child. I would watch the child as curiously as he watched me, my sunglasses the only thing preventing a full-on staring contest. 

Though that time four years ago wasn’t my first time in Meknes, Morocco,  it was my first time there alone, having just moved my life across the ocean in one giant suitcase and a hiking pack. I remember the smells of that first summer and fall, my solo trip to Chefchaouen, where I was harassed — not because of my gender, but because of a presumption that I wanted to buy some hash — and got food poisoning on the eve of Ramadan. I remember the scent of the crisp air and how I didn’t want to leave the small town, in all its isolated beauty. I remember shopping for a night table on a very hot October afternoon, the smell of its Atlas cedar mixing with diesel and sewage as we rode the truck back to my apartment. I was so proud to have navigated the furniture souk by myself and bargained the price of that handmade cedar table down to the equivalent of $25.

But no memories of my two years in Meknes are as clear as that first August four years ago. On my first day, I bought some potatoes, some fruit, two Casablanca beers, milk, butter, cereal, and a pack of Marlboro Lights. I attempted to make mashed potatoes for dinner, failed miserably, and cried a little while I smoked a cigarette in my kitchen. Then, realizing the sheer madness of crying over potatoes, I hoisted myself up onto the kitchen counter, looked out the window toward the sky, and all of a sudden it hit me — where I was, what I was doing, and the fact that I’d be doing it for at least another year. I smiled, suddenly feeling freer than I ever had before. I took photos that first night, of the sunset, of myself sitting on the floor against my futon, walls bare, suitcase not yet unpacked.

 

I was barely twenty-three and still amazed by everything around me. I hadn’t yet experienced the frustration of Morocco. I hadn’t yet been pinned up against a truck on my way home from work at night, saved only by my trusty neighborhood car guardian, the eyes and ears of my block. I hadn’t yet had gut-wrenching food poisoning, or the giardiasis that hit two months later, wrecking my insides and knocking 30 pounds off my already lithe frame. I hadn’t begun to feel cheated or ripped off for my foreignness, despite earning a local salary. I didn’t, at that point, feel the pain of leaving things behind.

The week before I left Meknes is a blur. Packing, 100-degree summer heat, and tears — everything happened so quickly, and I was ready to just get the hell out that I don’t think I took the time to savor everything I loved. I was tied down by obligatory good-bye lunches and teas during those last few days, so I didn’t have time to walk the 1,000 or so paces down my favorite street and back. I didn’t get to walk up Rue des FAR, down Ave. Mohammed VI, past the conservatory, where I’d strain my ears for sounds of the violin, then up Rue de Paris, where I’d buy a marrakshia and an espresso and sit amongst lecherous men watching football, hiding behind my sunglasses as I’d learned to do in that first week. I’d sit for hours in the same café, watching teenagers strut up and down the tiny, almost provincial, pedestrian lane, the girls dressed up for each other and the boys doused in cologne, and wonder what I would have been like had I come of age there.

 

And yet certain vistas in my mind remain distinct; everyday places were now poignant memories to record vigilantly in case I never saw them again. Or perhaps in case things had changed so much that by the time I ever made it back, they’d be unrecognizable.

I remember my beloved Rue de Paris. When I first walked it in 2004, it seemed almost decrepit, but when I left three years later, the storefronts were filling with chic new local additions: Marwa, the clothing store where I bought my favorite fingerless gloves; Novelty, a piano bar, which was only novel to me because it was the only bar I could sit alone unharassed and where one could find draught beer. I miss the uneven sidewalks, the wilted potted plants, the ubiquitous cats. I miss the shouts of teenagers, the smell of apple shisha wafting past my nose, the homeless men on the corner, always grateful for even a penny.

I always knew I’d miss Marrakesh, and on some nights, I swear I can hear the adhan of Fez. But Meknes, ya Meknes, most of all, I miss you.

Glossary:
Souk: The marketplace in a traditional Arab city.
Car guardian: A man whose job it is to watch over the cars on a portion of street, help people park, and generally watch out for the neighborhood.
Marrakshia: A sticky sweet Moroccan pastry common to the city of Meknes.
Adhan: The Muslim call to prayer.

 

UN Peacekeeping — more harm than good?

The UN Department of Peacekeeping has, over the years, become known for its foibles.  The department received considerable criticism for its handling of Kosovo, as well as the Rwandan genocide (captured in the film Hotel Rwanda).  Child prostitution in countries such as Cambodia and Bosnia rose after UN Peacekeepers moved in.

And now, the latest in a series of scandals involves Moroccan members of the UN Peacekeeping force accused of sexually abusing girls as young as thirteen in Bouake, Cote d’Ivoire, where 732 Moroccan UN members are stationed.

While all UN "Blue Helmets" are barred from having sex with locals (even those who are of age), it has become incredibly common, as young girls in many countries see them as a source of income, particularly given the size of the peacekeeping units (700 foreign men in one small city?).

According to one article I read, some of the older women in Bouake (okay, by older I mean 20s or 30s) blame the girls as much as the soldiers, saying that the girls approach the men, often hounding them for sex in exchange for what amounts to just a few U.S. dollars.

That may be so, but if you ask me, it is the responsibility of the men to just say no

 

 

The Global Peace Index

The Global Peace Index, which ranks 120 nations according to their relative peacefulness, has just released the 2007 rankings. The index is put out by Vision of Humanity, a website that was just launched in support of the index.

Unsurprisingly and unfortunately, many of the lowest-ranking countries are from MENA (Middle East and North Africa). Iraq, of course, falls into last place (121), while Israel, Lebanon, Algeria, and Iran are all pretty low (although Iran practically tied with the United States they are ranked in the 96th and 97th places).

Morocco (48), on the other hand, was in the top 50, along with MENA friends Kuwait (46), UAE (38), and Qatar (30). Oman was the highest-ranking MENA country, falling into 22nd place.

Indicators used in the index include the number of internal and external wars fought, relations with neighboring countries, political instability, level of distrust of fellow citizens, and the number of arms per 100,000 people, among other things.

 

No free Internet here

As the U.N. pressures the Egyptian government to release jailed bloggers and journalists, and Bangladeshi blogger Tasneem Khalil is released after less than 24 hours in jail, freedom of citizen media seems to be taking the front page.

Belarus, Egypt, Bangladesh, Iran, China, Singapore, and Libya have all detained bloggers or other Internet personalities thus far.  Although Morocco has not, freedom as it pertains to the Internet has a long way to go.

In December of 2006, two journalists were arrested for analyzing jokes made on the Moroccan street in Nichane, Morocco's only magazine written in dialect.  Reporters Without Borders called the actions "insane and archaic," a sentiment which was echoed throughout the Moroccan blogosphere.

And yet few have even mentioned the fact that Morocco censors the Internet.  Unlike China's extreme censorship, Morocco has only banned a few sites, mostly related to the Western Sahara.  Additionally, Livejournal has been banned for a little over a year, and Google Earth is only sporadically accessible, allegedly because its close shots offer views of the Moroccan royal family's many palaces.

Reporters Without Borders has offered help; the 2005 publication of "The Handbook for Bloggers and Cyberdissidents" (available for free online) teaches Internet users how to sidestep government censorship by the use of proxies and other innovations.

But beyond that, I say it's time we take a stand against Internet censorship!  Who's with me? 

 

 

The case of Abdel-Monem Mahmoud

The case of Abdel-Monem Mahmoud, a blogger and member of the Muslim Brotherhood is the second of its kind in Egypt, a country where press freedom has greatly deteriorated in the past few years, according to a report released by the Committee for the Protection of Journalists (CPJ) on May 3, International Press Freedom Day.  The report, entitled “Backsliders,” listed Egypt in seventh place, after Ethiopia, Gambia, Russia, DRC, Cuba, and Pakistan.  Following Egypt were Azerbaijan, Morocco, and Thailand.

Abdel Kareem Soliman was the first blogger to be arrested in Egypt.  He was sentenced in November 2006 to four years in prison for insulting Islam and President Hosni Mubarak.  His trial lasted five minutes.

Monem is quite a different personality from Soliman; a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, he was previously arrested for “belonging to an illegal organization” when he met with Brotherhood members to organize an anti-war rally.  Monem is a devoted human-rights activist, and was among the first to go to Darfur to speak with high-ranking officials there.

He also spoke out about the arrest of fellow Egyptian blogger Soliman, despite his personal disagreement with Soliman's statements against Islam.  In a post written on March 7, 2007 (originally in Arabic) in Monem's own blog, Ana Ikhwan (“I am a brother”), Monem defended Soliman, saying:

To begin with, I disagree with the opinions of Abdel Kareem, but I believe that it’s unfair for the security forces to treat him this way, punish him for his personal opinions, and sentence him for his so-called “contempt for the president.” I believe that this behavior is unfair to a young man who, along with his friends, will not change his ideas simply because he fears punishment at the hands of the security forces.

The post, translated to English by Fatima Azzahra El Azzouzi, is here.

More coverage on the case of Abdel-Monem Mahmoud can be found at the Free Monem site as well as at Global Voices Online.

 

The plight of Sri Lankans in the UAE

Watching Al Jazeera International, that lovely channel which U.S. companies for some reason refuse to pick up and which I will miss very much next time I'm there, I caught a short program on the abuse of Sri Lankan maids in Dubai. Obscure, it seemed.

So I did the only reasonable thing a net-savvy girl as myself might do  I Googled. S-r-i L-a-n-k-a-n m-a-i-d-s D-u-b-a-i.

HI WE ARE LOOKING FOR SRILANKAN FEMALE MAIDS AGE RANGING FROM 25 – 30 YEARS. INTERESTED FEMALES PLEASE WRITE US.

I found post after post requesting, very specifically, young women from Sri Lanka. But why? The answer is obvious, of course: the UAE has become a relatively wealthy country, and it's no secret that its workforce is made up of migrant workers, mostly from East and South Asian countries.

Sri Lankan women in particular, however, seem to suffer the most in the UAE. According to Third World Network, "The Sri Lankan embassies and local non-governmental welfare agencies get an average of 400 complaints a month about physical and verbal abuse and there are some 300 Sri Lankans in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) prisons."

Another reason that so many Sri Lankan women come to the Emirates to work in private homes is that by law, Emirati residents can only sponsor a maid from India, Sri Lanka, the Phillipines, Indonesia, and Bangladesh.  More often than not, these maids are found via Internet sites, brought in for approval, and sometimes sent back if their appearance or health is not ideal.

Now, the governments of Sri Lanka and Nepal are making it more difficult for women to work in the Gulf states because of an overwhelming number of abuse reports filtering into embassies.

The first step to solving this problem seems like a no-brainer.  Sexual harassment laws in the UAE apply to professional workers but not domestic workers.  According to Gulf News, women of the UAE are likely to report sexual harassment in the workplace  therefore, it seems likely that if the laws which apply to foreign professionals were to apply to domestic workers as well, there would be an upswing in the number of reported abuse cases.

As for the next step…I don't know.  What do you think?

 

Day out with the cat

One thing you must know about Morocco is the overabundance of street cats.  They're absolutely everywhere  the other day, a fellow Morocco blogger posted a jaunt around the medina of his city, including all of the cats he ran into.  In one photo, seven (yes, seven) cats wait outside the door of the public hammam (baths).  As funny as that is, it is not at all strange.

In my neighborhood, there are about eight cats that I see on a daily basis.  There's the fluffy but extremely dirty black and white cat that sits on the walls of the local cafe; there's Ninu, the cat all of the businesses in my building feed; there's the ginger cat who hisses at me.  Etc.

What is rare, however, is to see a kitten around.  As I'm sure you would know, a female cat would never just give birth on a sidewalk  rather, she'd seek out a clean(ish), dry, safe place and have her kittens there.  So you can imagine my surprise one evening when, upon arriving home with a friend, I found a practically microscopic white and brown kitten meowing outside my door.  She looked clean enough, and she stood right at my feet, looking up with her big, sad green eyes.

"Meow," she said to me.

I reached down to pick her up, assuming she'd run  in other words, I gave her the litmus test of Moroccan street cats (cats who live outside of butcher shops don't run; skinny cats and most female cats do).  She allowed me to scoop her up, even hug her to my chest.  "She's a keeper," my friend told me.

And so, LC (short for "Little Cat") came to live with us one January evening.  

Four months later, it was time to take her in for her shots  since we don't have a car, we borrowed a cat carrier from a Canadian friend, and my husband walked her over to the veterinarian.  Old men followed him, peering into the case; young kids squealed.  It is a rare sight indeed here in Morocco.

After LC had been given her shots, the vet informed my husband that she would require a photograph for her health card.  So, rather than go home, take a digital photo and have it printed, my husband decided to take LC to the same place we go when we need passport-sized photos  the professional photographer.

And so, this afternoon, I will be the happy owner of a set of prints of…my cat.

Anyone want a wallet-sized? 

 

Feeling safe

How difficult is it to feel safe when fundamentalism is on the rise so close to home? Pretty easy, actually.

In late March, a man entered an Internet cafe, allegedly to view "jihadist" websites. The cafe owner's son asked the man to leave, prompting the man to detonate a bomb he had hidden under his clothing. The perpetrator, Abdelfattah Raydi, died and a few others were injured.

Then, on Tuesday, April 10, police approached an apartment in Casablanca's impoverished Hay Farah district. One man, Mohamed Rachidi, fled to the roof and detonated a bomb inside his shirt. Another man inside the apartment started to detonate his own bomb, but a policeman shot him first. He was identified as Mohamed Mentala. A third man, later identified as Ayyoub Raydi, the brother of Abdelfattah Raydi, detonated a bomb as well, killing himself and a police officer and wounding several, including a seven-year-old boy.

Over the past two days, news sources and experts have speculated whether or not the bombings were related to those in Algiers, or if the Moroccan perpetrators were linked, perhaps with Al-Qaeda. Enough speculation to scare my friends back home anyway.

Meanwhile, tourist boards are teeming with questions about the safety of Morocco. "Are Moroccans targeting Americans?" "Is it safe to visit Marrakech?"

I certainly can't say for sure, but in the two years I've lived in this country, I have never once been the target of any anti-American sentiment whatsoever. Nor have I been a target for anything else, except a bit of obnoxious sexual harrassment (which I am not playing down, of course, but compared to actual danger, a few whistles or catcalls seems extremely minor, even to my sensitive American psyche).

Look, the point is, Moroccans are not against America. Perhaps it's government (but I can count on one hand my American friends who aren't against the government!), sure, but America or Americans? Moroccans line up at Internet cafes every autumn to fill out Diversity Lottery visa applications. They watch American movies and American TV, listen to American music. That is not to say that there isn't some trepidation when it comes to American behaviors, but on the whole, this is not an anti-Western society. This is a country whose border is only eight miles from Europe  a country which has had so much French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Roman influence over the centuries that, aside from its religion, is more Western than Eastern.

So although I can't say I'll be visiting the slums of Casablanca anytime soon, I certainly feel safe and right at home for now.

 

Marketing Morocco

Having just returned from a lovely vacation to Marrakech, I am both elated (by my beautiful photographs, nice tan, unforgettable afternoons, and lovely purchases) and disheartened. Disheartened because I cannot believe how the medina has changed in just a few short years since I first arrived in Morocco.

I recently wrote an article for an English-language magazine here, the first of its kind  in recent years, anyway. Writing about foreigners in Marrakech, I found myself hard-pressed to find many good points. Sure, they're buying up properties tha no one else might otherwise, but they're also driving average Moroccans out of neighborhoods that they can no longer afford. The price of a coffee has jumped nearly MAD 3 (that's about 30 American cents  a lot to some people here), and it's nearly impossible to find Morocco's staple dish, the tajine, for normal prices.

Yesterday, speaking with a Moroccan colleague, I discovered her vacation had similar properties  visiting the southern coastline, she discovered that a French man had come in, bought land for MAD 8 per square kilometer, built luxury villas, then resold them for a price no Moroccan could dream of affording, thereby gentrifying an entire fishing village.

And then today, I came across a press release from a certain UK agency advertising a "Moroccan lifestyle" for only £82,000. The PR pointed specifically to La Palmeraie, a wealthy area of Marrakech that is essentially a protected palm grove  but laws are being sidestepped to make way for luxury  hotels, villas, apartments, and nightclubs.

Meanwhile, ordinary Moroccans are being pushed from their communities to make way for the European invasion, and yet, Moroccans can hardly cross the border for a vacation.

 

Suicide bomber in Morocco kills one — himself

This morning I was informed of a suicide attack here in Morocco  Casablanca (the financial capital), to be precise.

As it turns out, only the bomber himself was killed, and the rest of the story was pretty straightforward.  The BBC reported this morning that prior to the attack, a patron of a cyber café had been told by the owner that he was no longer permitted to view "jihadist" (BBC's term, not mine) websites and that the bombing was perhaps in retaliation, although there is question as to whether or not the bombing was intentional.  A friend accompanying the bomber managed to escape and has not yet been questioned.

The bomber hailed from Sidi Moumen, as did the perpetrators of 2003 bombings in Casablanca which killed 45 people and targeted a five-star hotel and some Jewish cultural buildings.

Whether or not this will affect tourism remains to be seen.  Morocco has basically been on terror alert since 2003, but tourism has only increased, particularly in Fez and Marrakesh, both major historical centers.  Casablanca, on the other hand, has very little of interest to tourists; most go only to see the giant Hassan II mosque  funded entirely by donations  then move on to the former imperial capitals, the Sahara, or the Mediterranean coast.

Personally, I'm not concerned.  As a co-worker reminded me this morning, "you could be hit by a bus at any time."  Morocco has far less crime, even "terrorist" or "religion-related" crime, than my home country and less than most developed countries.  I'll stick it out. 

 

 

 

Babel babble

Babel is the name used in the Tanakh (Genesis chapter 11) to describe the historical city of Babylon, commonly thought to be the location of the Tower of Babel. The word "babel" is thought to come from the Hebrew verb "balal," which means to confuse or confound.

The film Babel, directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, does just that. Unfortunately, I saw it in the Netherlands on vacation this past December; unfortunately because it was subtitled in Dutch and therefore the portions in Japanese went directly over my head (my mediocre Spanish got me through the Mexican segments, and having lived in Morocco for the past two years, I was able to understand the majority of the Darija, or Moroccan Arabic, and what I didn't get, my husband, who was sitting next to me, explained).

But despite the fact that a language barrier kept me from fully comprehending the film, the film itself seems to confuse. One particular aspect of it, that which took place in Morocco, confounded me.

First of all, and I don't mean to pick, but as a friend who has lived in the region informed me, the village in which the Moroccan scenes took place Tazarine was not actually the village used for filming instead, a village called Taguenzalt was used. Director Iñárritu said of the village:

"I liked that this village was very humble and very real. The people in Taguenzalt were extremely nice and spiritual…I felt very safe there."

In the film's production information, it was also noted that the villagers can trace their Berber ancestry back 3,000 years. Interesting! Why then, were they speaking Darija, the Moroccan dialect of Arabic, and not Tamazight, the local Berber dialect?

Other friends have also noted the fact that much of the dialogue sounds like English (or Spanish) translated directly into Darija meaning, of course, that much of the Moroccan characters' speech is inauthentic.

I was pleased to see that the shooting in the film was an accident prior to seeing it, I had assumed, knowing that Cate Blanchett's character gets shot, that the portion in Morocco would deal with terrorism but aside from that, found myself disappointed.

And so I am pleased, of course, that The Departed was this year's Best Picture winner at the Academy Awards…despite the fact that I haven't seen it.