All posts by In The Fray Contributor

 

One diagnosis doesn’t fit all

Thousands of parents grapple with their children’s ADHD. But as I sought help for my son, Grant, I sensed that the usual solutions — and the ADHD label — were inadequate.

Editor’s note: Last month InTheFray featured a visual essay entitled A good day for Grant,” which illuminated how seven-year-old Grant Lanham copes with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Since Sun-A Kim photographed Lanham and interviewed his parents and teachers, another chapter has been added to his story. Recently diagnosed with Asperger’s Disorder (Educational Autism), Grant, his parents, teachers, and classmates can now better explain his behavior, which often couldn’t be easily explained in terms of ADHD symptoms or alleviated with ADHD medication.

For instance, one photo in Kim’s essay (above) shows Grant putting his fingers in his ears to block out noise in the classroom. Before, Grant’s sensitivity to noise seemed to be a byproduct of his ADHD. But now the people in his life know better: Loud noises, which so frequently set Grant off at school and home, frequently stir up or scare people with Asperger’s Disorder. Equipped with this knowledge — and Grant’s new medical label — Grant’s parents and teachers are learning how to better control his environment to minimize the discomfort Grant experiences.

Geoff Lanham, Grant’s father and the coordinator for Project LIFE, shares his story, which was originally published in The GUIDE newsletter (Project LIFE, Columbia, Missouri, Autumn 2004).

The diagnosis didn’t match the behavior.

For a long time, I knew in my head and in my heart that there was something different about my youngest son, Grant. While the symptoms of ADHD were present, there were other behaviors that often alarmed me.

Grant began reading at the age of three. He was fascinated with dinosaurs and could tell you all about the diplodocus and triceratops. Grant often asked me for definitions of words that I had to look up in the dictionary. He was able to compute math problems that most six-year-old children couldn’t touch. Grant’s teachers always complimented him on his intelligence.

His conduct at home wasn’t really worrisome. Grant never got into much trouble. Although he always needed prompting to eat or to bathe, or do common household chores, he wasn’t much different than my other children.

Then why was there a problem?

At first I thought it was the divorce and new home — changes that would account for any six-year-old child’s behavioral problems. We also changed Grant’s ADHD medication — that itself was a living hell. When the dust settled from the divorce and the move, however, he was still acting out at school. On occasion, Grant had trouble with adults, but most of the aggression was directed toward his classmates. This behavior was unacceptable — to me and to his teachers.

When Grant was suspended from school for a lunchroom incident, I had the opportunity to discuss his problems with the vice-principal. After a long talk, we agreed that he needed further psychological testing. She recommended referral to the public school autism specialist.

Once again, we faced the arduous task of filling out paperwork. Both his mother and I answered questionnaires. For over two hours, we were questioned by the autism specialist. His teachers were questioned. No stone was left unturned.

Finally the day arrived. We found out why Grant behaved the way he did: He was diagnosed with Asperger’s Disorder (Educational Autism).

Having read about this disorder when my nephew was diagnosed with autism, I recognized many of the characteristics in my son. Back then, I hated to put another label on Grant, and discarded the notion that he might have autism.

Now I know better.

New labels, new solutions

Although Grant has another label attached to his resume, this one has been a relief. With insight into Asperger’s Disorder, we can help my son by anticipating problematic situations. Grant’s troubles seemed to happen in very noisy circumstances — in the gym or during recess — places where the decibel level makes the hardest of hearing plug their ears. The lunchroom was always difficult. Not only was noise bothersome, but certain smells also set him off. Grant would push or shove or throw things at fellow students. When I asked him why he did these things, Grant just said, “I don’t know Dad; I really don’t know.”

Now I know, and it’s getting easier to adapt his environment or to anticipate a challenge. For instance, children with Asperger’s Disorder are very sensitive to sound. Grant will cover his ears and get in the fetal position if a fire engine is within a couple of blocks — even when I can barely hear the fire engine. I cannot run the vacuum cleaner when Grant is in the house because he acts as if someone is running fingers on a chalkboard, and he screams as if in pain.

Certain smells set Grant off as well. Garlic, for instance.

Grant eats only particular foods. Try as I might to introduce new food, he always prefers the same old standby — hot dogs, yogurt, and chocolate milk. For a while, all he would eat for breakfast was chocolate chipped muffins. So I made them every morning. I’ve learned to choose my battles, and as long as Grant is eating, it’s better than fixing a meal that will sit on the dinner table, get cold, and end up in the garbage.

My son has discovered the wonderful world of Nintendo Gameboy. While it provides countless hours of entertainment (and a respite for me), I am weaning him from the toy. Grant loves to read, and we try to read whenever possible.

I play a game with him called “Let’s see who can stare the other down the longest.”  Children with Asperger’s have a difficult time maintaining eye contact; their eyes wander back and forth. With a lot of effort — the “stare down” game — we are making progress.

Children with Asperger’s often take things literally. If you say it is “raining cats and dogs,” don’t be surprised if a child looks at you in a puzzled manner. To him, it is just raining; there are no cats and dogs falling from the sky!

At school, we’ve adapted Grant’s routine. For instance, he has lunch in the assistant principal’s office. He has one recess instead of two. He is given advance warning of a fire drill. These simple steps improve Grant’s ability to get along with his peers.

As parents, we need to follow our instincts. We know what makes our children tick. I know that my son will struggle in the classroom. I know that he will shine as well. Grant has been fortunate. His teachers perceived his strengths and always encouraged him to be the best student possible. They knew in their hearts and minds that something was different about him. Together, we finally figured it out.

To quote Brenda Smith Miles, “Life is my son’s classroom and there is no summer break.”

STORY INDEX>

TOPICS> ASPERGER’S DISORDER >

Learn more about Asperger’s Disorder
URL: http://www.aspergers.com

URL: http://www.baltimorepsych.com/aspergers.htm

 

How We Live and Die

A short story.

Hassan left the municipal hospital early. It was a Friday afternoon, the heat pouring through the windows, making the patients moan in pain and thirst and reducing rolls of medical tape to soft, useless masses of glue. He took his leave without a word to anyone, as was his custom, threading his way through the emergency room crowds, the hands reaching for him, touching him, grasping for his attention. There was no other way to enter or exit the hospital. Bodies bloody and dismembered came through these doors —sometimes on a stretcher, more often on foot — ragged clothes hanging at odd angles, fresh pieces of gauze distributed by earnest young women who helped soothe the patients as they waited and waited and sometimes died in the heat and stench of the ward.

Hassan held his breath as he passed, too many open mouths breathing death here, their inner rot expelled with every uttered word. Please, please doctor, please. He felt the hands tug at his clothes, too weak to bother brushing off, a single hand wrapped strongly round his wrist. He jerked around, could not tell which body owned the hand, pulled away.

“Ass,” he hissed as he walked on. He made a mental note to wash that wrist particularly well that evening. And inwardly he cursed his fate, a doctor once tapping on the chests of newborns to clear their lungs, now sewing fingers to their hands and staunching blood from leaky bodies. The hours spent in residency under clean hygienic lights, sterile tools, separately sealed, a life of schedules and temperance, of smiling into the faces of beautiful rotund women, their bellies huge with child, optimistic and self-absorbed, and reassuring them of things he knew that nature would take care of even in his absence. But doctoring was no longer a profession, not now, not here. Here, now, he was simply a surgeon, a mechanic on the assembly line working among hulls that should have been scrapped long before he ever saw them in consultation. Wretched dirty animals, he called them. And this thought ran through his mind as he rounded the corner and viewed the ward once more before he left the hospital:  all these wretched dirty animals. Should have left when we had the chance, he thought, would have been better than this.

He walked slowly up the dusty street that led to his home, laboring under the weight of the afternoon sun, his briefcase in hand, its leather handles frayed and splintered from years of use. He scrambled from one patch of shade to the next, the heat blistering his feet through the flimsy soles of his shoes. A rotting goat carcass sat in the ditch, its smell of offal and sweet-sickly death perfuming the afternoon. The breeze scooped up a handful of sand to toss in his eyes as he scurried from shadow to shadow. Down the street he went, blowing the dust from his lungs to keep from screaming at the heat of the road under his feet, pausing before the chemist’s shop to see if Alifa, the neighborhood gossip, spied him from her window above, but there was no trace of her hand holding the curtain aside to watch the comings and goings of the street below.

“Doctor!” called Said, the chemist. “Good to see you!” The chemist’s shop displayed only a handful of sun-baked vials of expired tablets on dusty shelves. A bottle of aspirin brought from France sat alone in the window, the lettering faded.

“Good afternoon, Said,” Hassan said, tipping an imaginary hat to the old man. Old rituals for old men, for a time when he walked the streets with dignity, his shoulders not nearly as crooked as they were now. There goes the doctor. The obstetrician. The best obstetrician. Once that was the chant that whispered after him. Now he worked alongside the other drones, the surgeons, his arms covered to the elbow in gore, nurses holding his lunch above a patient’s inert body as he took a bite, no time to sit in the cafeteria, no time to linger over a cup of tea, only time to salvage the wounded who were badly losing on a battlefield as wide and broad as the city itself. So many enemies, so difficult to tell; how luxurious, Hassan thought, to live in a world of only good and evil. He lowered his eyes and continued walking home.

He slowed before the tea shop, dropped his bag, wondered if he had enough time to sit and drink a single cup. He stood in the blinding sun and watched a pair of businessmen in their suits, the sole pair of patrons sitting outside at one of the outdoor tables, their heads erect despite the heat, their faces dimpled with sweat, sipping tea. They shared a newspaper, wet moons of newsprint where their sweaty palms had held a page. Nostalgia swept across him with the ruffling of the breeze, a single breath of hot air that raced down the street and disappeared. He longed to join them, saw himself approach, sit down, the table shined to a high silver gleam, the dust turned to cool tiles, the unrinsed glasses turned to china. He must go at once, he thought. And, in his mind, he heard Dima’s shrill recriminations. It was true:  being late might mean being dead. And she was expecting his arrival. He picked up his bag to continue his walk home.

“Mr. Al-Awad?” Hassan turned slowly to face the businessmen.

Doctor Al-Awad,” he said.

“Oh, yes, yes, excuse me. Excuse me.”

One of the businessmen got up from the table and walked towards Hassan, his stomach bulging from the waistband of his pants, his shirt colored a darker blue where his sweat had collected. He extended a hand to Hassan. “Doctor Al-Awad. It is a pleasure.” Hassan bowed slightly in acknowledgement; the man frowning slightly as he withdrew his hand.

“Yes?”

“I am Mohammed al-Wadi.”

Hassan nodded.

“I am your neighbor — your new neighbor.”  

“I didn’t realize anyone new was moving to the neighborhood.”

“Oh, you know, it’s true, not very good circumstances. But the house is lovely!”  

“Which house?” Hassan asked.

“Number 28.”

“Number 28. Oh yes.”

Hassan examined the man, tried to imagine how he could have leapt ahead of the others on the waiting list, tried to assess his allegiance, which wartime philosophy, if any, the man subscribed to. And Hassan recalled the long days of patience he and Dima had endured at the hands of his in-laws before they could move into their own home, children piling up in their room amid the clothes and coffeemaker and medical texts. Someone’s cousin, he thought, or someone’s lackey. Someone’s favorite — but whose, he wondered, for the house had been vacant only a month.

“Yes, we’ve just gotten married — I understand you’ve a wife and children, no? We should have dinner, perhaps, if your schedule permits.”

Hassan said nothing, let the man shift his bulk uncomfortably from one foot to the other. “A pleasure meeting you,” Hassan offered, “but I really must go.”  

“Of course!  Of course!” the man said. “A pleasure!  It was a pleasure indeed!”  

Hassan felt a bubble of fury rise in his throat as he continued his walk home, the sweaty gleam of the man reminding him of the indignities of his life, a life of ease stolen from his family by the whimsy of a king, now deposed, living comfortably in the Fifth Arrondissement. And the image of his childhood teas floated before his mind’s eye, homemade scones still hot sitting on a colorful plate, his nanny spreading the tablecloth while the black tea steeped in its pot, a linen napkin pressed carefully across his lap. Now, he thought, he had to squabble with the likes of that businessman over a chair at a dirt-floored café for a tea served in a cup washed with cold water and the pressure of a thumb. More wretched dirty animals. He ground his teeth and bowed his head and walked home.

No, Kamal thought, no reason for them to know, no reason to tell. Nothing had happened. They had watched from a distance. A hundred other witnesses. A thousand even. And what had they seen?  A cart, a donkey, a dark green sedan, a knot of men, a flash of bills held high in the air, copper coins raining on their heads as they ran away.

“Where have you been?” his mother Dima asked. She was short and plump and youthful, a shine of perspiration coloring her face, making her eyeliner run by late afternoon. She stood in the kitchen chopping okra and eggplant, Kamal’s silent sisters, Yasmin and Kalifa, humbly slicing cucumbers into strips no wider than a hair.

“Out,” he said.

“Out where?”

“Just out.”  

He struggled for a quick lie. “Faisal and I went for a walk.”  He imagined the lie as a great cotton sheet snapped fresh from the laundry, billowing upwards and slowly wafting down to cover the half-eaten bones and bloody mess of his afternoon.

“In this heat?” She looked skeptical.

“Yes.” She eyed him cautiously, still believing that, as in her own time, a meaningful stare would beckon the truth from her fourteen-year-old son.

“Go take a bath,” she said, “you stink like that carcass in the ditch.”  

Kamal gratefully left, the scolding twitterings of his sisters following him down the hallway, two crows gossiping, their straight black hair falling across their faces like a pair of glossy black wings.

He stood before the mirror, peeling his clothes from his skin, rings of dirt encircling his neck and wrists, giant smudges of oil wiped along his belly, a thin line of blood running down his side, already crusting over, a single bruise, in the shape of a thumbprint, blackening his collarbone. A light rap on the door; the heated water was ready; his sisters silently left him two buckets on the ground before the bathroom door, the steam noticeable only in the dank coolness of the bathroom. He filled the porcelain tub and climbed in, stretching out in the semi-darkness of the bathtub while he watched the steam rise and, in return, the moldy stalactites drip their guano into his bath. He lay completely still, his eyes closed, tried to slow the rabbit’s heart that fluttered within his chest, tried to find solace in the voices of his sisters and mother, the frying pan clattering against the stovetop, the slam of the door and the footstep of his father.

“Kamal!” called Dima. “Get out already!  Your father’s home — it’s time to eat!”

“They’ve taken Suhayl,” Hassan said quietly. Suhayl was a colleague of Hassan’s, another doctor at the hospital. His words interrupted the silence of their dinner, the scraping of plates and swallowing of food.

“What?” Dima asked.

“He was easy,” he continued, his voice low. Suhayl the Perfect, Hassan thought, Suhayl whose arms were soaked in gore to his armpits, who cooed to the filthy near-dead, the animals Hassan was only too glad to shake off at the end of the day, with the affection of a mother.

Dima shook her head, worried for the ears of her children.

“No,” he said, “they should know.”  

He glanced awkwardly around the table, briefly examining his daughters and son. “What’s not to know these days?”

He chewed before he spoke again. “Suhayl — you remember him, don’t you?”  He waited for a nod of acknowledgement. “Suhayl’s been taken. Sometime last night. Probably early this morning. Could have been earlier — he had a couple of days off and left early his last shift. No one can be certain, of course, because he lived alone. No wife keeping tabs. But he didn’t show today and when we sent ‘round the jobber, he wasn’t there and his house was a shambles.”

“Ransacked?” asked his mother.

“What do you think?”

She turned her eyes to her lap.

Hassan paused. “But he’ll be fine!” he said brightly, world-weary sarcasm edging his voice. “He’s too useful to kill. I mean, all of them need surgeons — who the hell knows who took him?  Too many bloody sides to keep count. The Volunteers?  The Rebels?  Everyone needs help these days — why not kidnap one of ours? Fat lot of good he’s doing them back at the hospital. Why not borrow him?  Why not recruit him?  I’m sure he volunteered,” he said. “What the hell do they need anyone for anyway?  It’s hardly as if we’re winning this war. Haven’t they killed all of us already?  I mean, hell, the number of filthy wretches I see each day … ”  

“Hassan,” Dima hissed, frowning.

And Hassan stopped, closed his eyes, cradled his head in his hands, and gazed at his plate, remembering Suhayl. He was not the image of a doctor:  plump, a second chin already developing, his arms grown flabby like a woman’s and his character equally as soft and round and gentle. But it had been his hands, the enormous delicacy of his hands, the smooth, slenderness of his fingers and perfect fleshiness of his palms — it was Suhayl’s hands that made him a surgeon devoutly followed by the crippled, the maimed, and the ugly. And the war had created many of them. Hassan recalled Suhayl sewing toes to a woman’s hand, a desperate choice, singing quietly to his woozy patient, her drugged laughter rising above the din of screams and wails that filled the ward. So perfect, so perfect, so good, thought Hassan, so bloody fucking good in all he did, the surgeries, of course, but the petty attentions to the patients, too, even the dying, the near-death, the shouldn’t-waste-your-time-or-our-resources.

The family sat at the table in silence as they watched Hassan, his hands digging at the roots of his hair, its curls twisting oddly between his fingers, uncovering its grayness. He grew still, his hands squeezing his head tightly, a small moan escaping his body, long and low, sustained; a wail of frustration and sorrow and fury. The pang of sorrow could not quite contain the pang of guilt Hassan felt trickle into his grief: A shiver of perverse delight crept over him as he realized that the zookeeper of the wretched dirty animals was gone.

Kamal sat at the table, felt his heart lighten, its rabbitty flutter begin again, and pushed the tines of his fork into the palm of his hand to keep himself still. The image of his afternoon swelled before him:  money changing hands, held high in the air, as the man’s head was forced low, shoved into the back of the sedan. This is how it’s done, Faisal had said. How war is waged and populated, how we live and die. The man, a stranger, but like all men with shaded eyes and little beard and arms folded back like a pigeon’s wings, scrambled in his captors’ hands. Two calls to his family, hissed forlornly as he stumbled to the car, but when they did not answer, he straightened his back, regaining his dignity despite the ashy dust graying his hair. And the man’s family wept and counted bills as Kamal and Faisal watched him disappear in a cloud of red silty earth churned free by the tires of the car and when the family realized their shame had been witnessed by two boys, they pelted them with coins, the traders’ laughter only increasing the family’s zeal.

“Open up!”

“Open up!” called the voice again. Hassan rolled over and looked at his alarm clock:  three a.m. It was a man’s voice, serious and loud, a fist pounding steadily on the wooden door, the iron knocker dancing in response.

“Bloody fucking hell,” Hassan said.

And Kamal heard his mother whimper to his father in the next room, please, please, please, don’t go down there, ignore them. He heard his father stir, the floorboards creak beneath his feet, and gripped his coverlet fiercely, even in the sweltering nighttime heat.

“Open up!” yelled the voice again. Neighboring shutters could be heard opening on unoiled hinges.

“No!”  Dima said. “Let it be.”

“They won’t be going away,” Hassan said.

The shutter fell open. “What do you want?” Hassan called. And, “Would you please be quiet?”  

His words hung in electric air, silent yet living, every ear pressed to its door, every hand to its shutter, a collective breath waiting to be expelled. Even the cicadas had grown silent.

“How many are there?” Dima whispered.

“Two — no, three, maybe,” Hassan said quietly.

“We’ve got a sick child here!” the voice below called.

“Tell them to go to the hospital,” Dima hissed.

“There’s a hospital nearby,” Hassan offered out the window.

“Full up,” the voice said.

Kamal felt a hot trickle of pee run down his leg and sink into the mattress, his heartbeat churning in his ears. Don’t tell, the trader had said, his hand tucked under Kamal’s chin, don’t tell now, will you? The things that happen when people tell, they’re very bad, worse than this. Faisal had cleared the fence, his form fading into the shimmering heat of the junkyard, only Kamal was left behind, his throat held by the trader’s hand.

“No,” Dima hissed again. “Tell them to go away.”  

“I’m afraid I can’t help,” Hassan said. “Did you try the chemist’s down the street?”

A shutter thumped open elsewhere on the street, a sweaty hand no longer able to grip the slippery iron strut.

“You’re a doctor, aren’t you?” the voice chided. “We need an examination, not a pill or powder.”  

“Tell them to go away and find another hospital!” Dima said.

“What the bloody hell do you think I’m doing?”

“Tell them again!  Tell them to go away!”

“Open up!  Open up!” the voice called from below, angrier, the gate being rattled, the broken pin that once held the wrought iron in place scraping against the crumbling concrete step. And then a human cry rose from the dusty street, a single wailing note that echoed in the night.

“Shit,” Hassan said.

Kamal heard two sets of footsteps careening down the stairs, his father and mother, his mother’s voice calling after his father, telling him no, no, no, it is a ruse, a trick, let them call all night but don’t let them in!

Two men and a boy stood in the dim light of the entryway.

“What do you want?” Hassan asked. Dima stood in the shadows of the stairwell, watching the men, her hand fiercely clutching the wall.

“We’ve come for some help,” the first man said, gesturing towards the boy. The man was tall and thin, with large hands and feet, wearing glasses, a sliver of a callus running down his forehead, skin worn away from much devotional prayer. “May we come in?”

Hassan bent to examine the boy and stood up. “I don’t see anything wrong with him.”  

“What kind of doctor are you?”  

Hassan paused before answering. “Not a very good one.”  He ground his teeth as he spoke:  it was a denial of all he was, his schooling and his work, his pedigree and his profession.

“Really?  That’s not what we’ve heard.”  The man paused. “He’s got a fever, maybe more. Feel his forehead!”  

The second man stepped from the shadows, his face red from sun and heat, a handkerchief clasped in his hand. “We heard you’re very good, sir — one of the best. The best. Please.”  

Hassan paused before answering. The best? His pride flickered at the mention. “It’s not true.”  

Hassan felt a tooth crack, bits of it float in his mouth. We should have left, he thought, we should have left years ago, gone to Brussels or Stockholm or Frankfurt and suffered the indignities of immigrants: the disapproving frowns as we tried to move our tongues around their awkward language, the rustle of passengers changing seats, clearing out, when we board a tram, the air sniffed around us as if an animal lived down the hall. It would have been better than this, he thought. But he had ignored the war, pretended it happened elsewhere, had gone on his rounds as if the wounds he treated were commonplace everywhere, that the wretched dirty animals were typical patients, that countries like France and Australia had whole teams of doctors dedicated to limb reattachments and shrapnel removal.

“I cannot help,” he said. “I really can’t. This boy has no broken bones, no missing digits.”

“Ah … you’re a surgeon then, are you?” the first man said.

“Yes.” By default, he thought. The tooth gave way again; he felt it tilt wildly in his jaw.

The man nodded. “We heard you were the obstetrician, the best one here. Surely you know something about pediatrics, too — you can help this boy.”  

Hassan said nothing, felt a twinge of pride. The disdainful smirk of the grocery boy, the children’s tears from schoolyard taunts, it would have been worth it, Hassan thought, better than this.

Gravel crunched beneath tires outside, doors opening and slamming closed, gasps and sighs punctuated the night silence, sounds of a scuffle, the loser in pain, and the front door burst open with a rush of air. Suhayl stumbled forward, his arms held high behind his back, two men accompanying him, his lip blubbering red with blood, his forehead blown open above the eye, his left eye swollen shut, the blood already dried and crusty on his neck and chin.

“Oh God, please,” Suhayl said.

So this is how it’s done, Hassan thought. Shit.

And the man holding Suhayl’s arms pulled them aloft, Suhayl shrinking in pain. “Join them,” he croaked. His arms were pulled higher still. “Us!  Us!  Join us!”  His arms were released and he collapsed onto the dusty tiles of the entryway.

“We need doctors, surgeons,” the man explained. “And this one — so clever — did a nasty thing.”  Hassan bent to inspect Suhayl, his breathing shallow, his face drooped against his chest.

“Suhayl,” Hassan said.

“Join them anyway,” Suhayl whispered.

“What?”

And then Hassan noticed Suhayl’s hands, bloody and limp, fingers wobbly and swollen, splayed at erratic angles, broken. Hassan felt his bowels move, fully realized what had happened, why they had come.

“He sabotaged himself. Broke his own bloody hands to spite us.”  

Hassan stared at Suhayl, his body limp on the floor, the dusty tiles turning blue and yellow from the drool spilling from his mouth. He had been such a good surgeon, Hassan thought. And he saw Suhayl and the woman trading toes for fingers, her breath stinking of something vaguely tubercular, her eyes glassy and red-rimmed with untreatable disease, Suhayl stroking her head as he finished his song and his stitching. So good to them, he thought.

“But he told us you were available,” the man said. Hassan felt his hands grow cold and rubbery as he considered this statement. He stared at Suhayl’s heaving form lying on the dirty tiles. Fury flickered through Hassan’s body and he suppressed a desire to kick Suhayl, squarely, in the ribs; suppressed the imagined satisfaction he would feel to hear the crack of a single rib beneath his foot. So this is how it’s done, Hassan thought. He had lived with his head down, believing that he could avoid the war if he failed to seek it out, but it found him, had come seeking him out.

“Mr. Al-Wadi said you have a wife, three children?” the man asked.

The businessman. The neighbor. The snitch. Ah, Hassan thought. He paused before answering. “Yes.”

“We can arrange for five thousand for them.”  

Suffering round a lousy heater in the midst of winter; cheap flimsy housing in a ghetto; a job far beneath him, as a technician cleaning beakers, emptying trash in a hospital, it would have been worth it, he thought, better than this. He paused. Would it? Five thousand, he thought, enough for them to get out, not enough to live on. And he pictured Dima tailoring clothes, pushing a pramful of children, not her own, for extra cash; cleaning bathrooms and kitchens in an elegant home that would have been theirs if only they had left sooner, before this, before the war.

“Will you volunteer?” the man asked, offering the bills, folded into a wad, to Hassan.

He bowed his head and closed his eyes. Yes, Hassan thought, as if there were a choice. But yes, he thought, it will be okay, better than this: no busboy job, no shit-hole apartment, no humiliation while he stood on a corner, his hand waving wildly to hail a taxi in a cold winter rain; no anxious mothers herding their children away from his family’s approach, their funny clothes, their peculiar talk. No longer working for the state, his eyes averted as if the war did not rage around him. He would work for the winning side, the ones who killed and managed to avoid death themselves. He imagined himself the Volunteers’ best surgeon, called upon to perform miraculous repairs, kept like a king, their special envoy, a magician serving their corporals, their generals, their elite. He would drink a cup of tea each afternoon, starched linens dressing the table, the cups fragile, hand-painted, imported from a civilized place. It will be okay, he told himself, better than this.

“Yes,” he said.

Dima appeared from the stairwell, wailing, striking Hassan while she cursed him, his body absorbing her blows.

“No!” she screamed. “How could you?  How could you? How could you do this?”  

“It’s for the best,” Hassan said. He looked at his wife and felt a pang of remorse:  her eyes rimmed with tears, her lips trembling with fear and love. It looked nobler than it was, he realized, as he kissed Dima’s forehead again and again, to volunteer, leaving her to scratch out an existence on a cold continent with their children in tow. How difficult to be Dima, he thought, facing all that hostility in a foreign land alone. It will be okay, he told himself, better than this.

Kamal scrambled to his bedroom window, unlatched the shutters and watched his father’s figure disappear, his head forced low, shoved into the back of the waiting sedan, heard his mother’s wails echo down the silent street, saw, in moonlit silhouette, her upstretched hand, bills clasped firmly in her angry fist, watched as the car pulled away, his mother standing in the street as she fingered the bills one by one, her sobs filling the night sky. He sat on his bed and realized there was no longer any reason to quiet his heart with its rabbitty flutter.

 

MAILBAG: Response to “Democracy in action?”

Editor’s Note: The following is a response to Laura Louison’s PULSE post “Democracy in action?”

There are plenty of hurdles for many overseas U.S. voters. But I think there’s a way over this one.

You can use the Federal Write-In Ballot if you asked for an absentee ballot before October 2 and the absentee ballot doesn’t arrive in time. You can get a Federal Write-In Ballot from a U.S. consulate or embassy.

Be sure to check your state’s requirements regarding signatures, witnesses, postmarks, etc. These requirements are available online at www.OverseasVote2004.com and at www.fvap.gov.

Many states are overwhelmed with voter registrations and have been delayed in getting the absentee ballots out. Lawsuits about who’s on the ballot have also delayed mailings in some states.

Some consulates and embassies are not well-informed about the requirements and may give misleading and discouraging information. www.fvap.gov, the Pentagon’s official voter assistance site, can be complex and convoluted, but it is quite authoritative if you need something to show to consulate personnel.

Please persist.

And be assured that your vote will be counted. In this election, vote-counting will be carefully monitored. One party or the other will raise a loud cry about every uncounted vote.

—Rachel

 

MAILBAG: Of love and discipline

My girlfriends sometimes complain about their mothers and how they get on their nerves or try to instruct them on how to discipline “their” grandchildren.  Somehow the rules seemed to have changed when it came to the new spawn.  I actually miss those encounters with my mom now.  She was a single parent and that was synonymous with being a no-nonsense parent.  My mom worked two jobs and did not have a lot of time for foolishness from her children.  I remember vividly how my mother believed that anytime a teacher sent a note home or made a phone call to her about my or my siblings’ comportment, the teacher was always right and we were always wrong.

Now mind you, my mom’s full-time job was as a social worker.  But that did not stop her from popping me upside my head if I got out of line in school or sassed her at home.  And, she made sure we all knew that she was willing to go to jail for what she believed in.  And to our chagrin, she believed in thrashing her kids.  As I look back on the many times I tested that concept, she held firm to her belief system.  Once she even gave me a number to call if I felt I wanted to go into a foster home.  Upon reflection, being the child of a social worker and knowing the truth about foster care, beat-downs and all, my house was still the best deal in town.

As an adult, I was fortunate enough to have my mother’s first grandchild.  It was a sight to behold while I was in labor, as she questioned the doctors and nurses.  When my labor wasn’t progressing as they had hoped, they ordered a drug for me called Pitocin.  My mother frowned and said, “Ya’ll still use that?”  But nothing compared to when my daughter actually made her entrance into the world.  I remember my mother telling me that having her was the best thing I had ever done until that point in my life.  I think what she was really telling me was that children were the most precious gift I’d ever receive.  It was then that I realized that she believed we were gifts even when she was whipping the snot out of us.  I also remember that moment being the first time she ever told me – at least in words – that she loved me.  It was an awkward moment, but it marked a dramatic shift in our relationship.

As the years went on and we became closer, my daughter became the apple of grandma’s eye.  I realized what lengths she would go to to protect her gene pool.  Mom, my daughter, and I were at a department store one Saturday afternoon.  My daughter was about four years old at the time and very inquisitive.  We were pushing her around in her stroller and she would take hold of things that were situated within her grasp.  As much as we tried to keep her from swiping things off the racks and hangers, she seemed to get a kick out of destroying everything in her path.  On our way out, the alarms sounded.  It seems that my daughter managed to grab a toboggan hat and slipped it under her bottom without our seeing it.  The security guard came up to us and demanded that we empty our bags and “lift the kid out of the stroller.”  Of course, that’s where we found the hat.  He started yelling at us and scolded us to be more careful.  His demeanor made my daughter cry.  My mother had had enough of his foolishness and proceeded to give him a piece of her mind.  She snapped, “If you had done everything your mother had told you to do, you wouldn’t be a security guard at a department store.  You’d be a doctor by now.  Think about that the next time you start yelling at other people’s children.”  Needless to say, we were permitted to leave without further incident.  My mother picked up my daughter and consoled her until she had put the unfortunate confrontation out of her mind.

As I look back on those and many other moments with my mom, the whippings seem so inconsequential in the grand scheme of things.  There are many in my generation who blame their parents for their shortcomings and failures in life.  Some would even have the gall to say that I was adversely impacted because I was spanked as a child.   I say I was loved beyond measure.  My mom loved me enough to get my attention long before I had a chance to become a burden to society.  I actually cared about her opinion of me and didn’t want to disappoint her.  Sure I’ve spanked my kids every now and then.  I’m not saying I black their eyes or break their bones, but a pop on their behinds to get their attention has made a difference, just as it did for me.  And even though my mom would have cut her arm off before ever laying a hand on my daughter, I’m glad that my little girl, who’s now 22 years old, got a chance to experience the security of being loved beyond measure before her grandmother went to sing with the angels.

—J. Sellars

 

MAILBAG: Truth in advertising, Fox News style

“Fox News. Fair and Balanced.”

If you have a hard time uttering the network’s catchphrase without laughing, get in line. Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch’s War on Journalism, Robert Greenwald’s documentary, dissects the cable news channel notoriously heavy on conservative punditry that allows only nominal opposing viewpoints. Outfoxed is playing in rep
houses as well as house parties of members of Common Cause, True Majority, and MoveOn.Org (the latter is the film’s co-presenter). The DVD is also available for online purchase.

In response to Fox’s claim of being “fair and balanced” (Sean Hannity’s announcements of X number of days until George W. Bush secures a second term sounds awfully skewed), the activist groups urged members to write the Federal Trade Commission. The objective is to have the slogan declared false advertising as applied to Fox News (if you haven’t done so already, click on their sites and send
an email today).

If that campaign doesn’t deter Fox, here’s a plan B: they could still use the slogan, however, like the pharmaceutical companies’ ads for their meds, Fox must disclose the side effects of exposure and its recommendations. Below is my recommended advisory (Thanks to Al Franken for fearlessly satirizing “fair and balanced.” At least I won’t have to lawyer up).

WARNING: Entering the No-Spin Zone of “The O’Reilly Factor” may cause vertigo. Symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome, such as repeating “shut up,” may also occur.

Those with visual problems should avoid moving graphics like text crawls, as some say they may promote astigmatism.

Heavy bombardment of red, white, and blue images could cause blind patriotism. An aversion to things associated with France is likely to happen.

Risk of hearing loss can be diminished by turning down the volume whenever Bill O’Reilly or Sean Hannity are on.

Anxiety levels may vary depending on the actual importance of The Big Question or Fox News Alerts. Stories on celebrities cause the least detriment to mental health.

Fox News is highly repetitive. Prolonged exposure is recommended only for those with attention deficit disorder.

Dissociation from fact and commentary is known to occur during “Talking Points.”

Cognition problems are three times more likely in Fox News viewers than in those who get news from public broadcasting. Consult a physician immediately if you sight weapons of mass destruction or connections of terrorists to the Democratic Party.

TJ Johnston

 

MAILBAG: Another reason to throw my hands up and buy yet another pair of black shoes

I went shopping at the local mall on Saturday, as I do most every weekend. It’s just a way to relax and unwind after a busy week. Normally I end up buying things for my family and just browsing at things for myself. However, if there is one thing I’m weak for it’s shoes. And when I can’t decide which pair of shoes I like, there always seems to be a black pair calling my name. Today, though, I was able to resist the black suede pumps that were oddly similar to two other pairs I already have at home. The sales woman was getting a bit irritated because I couldn’t make up my mind after she had brought out the fifth pair.

For me, shopping is serious business. It requires a full stomach, a clear mind, and I must feel good about myself in order to see myself in the item I’m about to purchase. When I go shopping, I’m usually dressed pretty casually — jeans, blouse, and very little make-up, if any. I don’t go to malls to be a fashion plate, like many women do. And it’s not that I’m runway model gorgeous or that I don’t have to work hard at looking presentable or anything like that. In fact, I’m 44 years old, in pretty good shape, but rather average-looking on any ordinary day.

But it never fails that inevitably some guy will come on to me in one way or another.

Today, a guy with three kids was walking towards the shoe store as I was coming out. He motioned towards his children and said to me, “My babies need a mama.” I looked at him, trying to hide my utter disgust at a man who would pimp his children that way. I politely responded, “It looks like they need a father too.” It took him a while to catch on to the insult, and when he finally did, he yelled back, “Yo, that was cold-blooded!”

I was actually upset with myself after that exchange. It was obvious that I took the situation way too personally. He didn’t know me and what he saw of me in that split second didn’t give him much to go on. But he took a chance because who knows? Maybe I could have been looking for a man with three kids to be a mother to. The more I thought about it, I was really upset that he had more chutzpah than I could ever imagine having. All I could think of is, “I would never do anything like that.” Maybe that’s what my problem has been all my life. I have always been known to take the safe routes, the roads most often traveled because they were the ones that were tried, tested, and found true. This guy not only took a different road, he didn’t stop to ask for directions and he didn’t care who was watching. Oh, to be so free.

As I drifted through the mall observing the people and trying to figure out what their lives must be like based on their appearances, I couldn’t stop thinking about the guy with the three kids. I was gazing at some photographs outside a photography studio when another gentleman walked up to me and said, “I went to sleep last night hoping God would reveal the woman of my dreams to me and He did. It was you.” I told him that he was probably lactose intolerant and it was really a nightmare and that he might want to be more specific with God the next time he talked to Him because I was already taken. I walked away shaking my head incredulously and threw up my hands as I came to a critical decision. I went back to my favorite shoe store and bought those black suede pumps and threw in some black boots for good measure. God knows, after the day I’d had, I deserved them.

—Janet West Sellars

 

MAILBAG: Getting my hustle back

A good, good, girlfriend of mine, Nickie, sent me an article over a year ago that talked about hustle.  Not the deceitful kind, but the get-up-and-do-something kind.  It so moved me that I emailed the author, Steven Ivory, and thanked the brother for such poignant words and let him know how they impacted me.  I told him about the book I have been putting off writing and that I just needed to get my hustle on.  Amazingly he wrote back and thanked me for appreciating his work and promptly told me to “get busy” writing that book.

A few days later I was thinking back on the days when I really was “getting my hustle on.”  When I was in high school, I thought I’d be a great writer or singer or actress or hold public office or something.  The point is, I thought I could do or be anything.  That’s just how my Mama raised me.  

After reading Steven’s article for the fifteenth time, I started thinking about the book I always wanted to write and a lot of the other things I had left undone.  I started thinking back to my high school days and the people I admired most.  There were many people in my life that possessed that same type of hustle I used to have.  One was a guy named Terry Powers Jr.  I had what I thought was an insatiable crush on him in high school.  He was cute, freckle-faced, and could bring a sister to her knees with his beautiful voice.  

As is common, we lost touch over the years and I often wondered what became of him.  I went to college for a few years, joined the military, married, had a child, divorced, re-married, left the military, and had another child.  Along the way, I finished my degrees and got a good government job.  I lived a typical suburban life, nice neighborhood, good schools, one kid in college, and the other in pre-school.  Life was good, but it didn’t require much hustle on my part.

So, I decided to try to find some of my high school friends.  I was already registered on one of those websites that reconnects you with former schoolmates, so that’s where I started my search.  I had gone to a couple of high schools so I started with the first one to see if I remembered anyone listed there.  I came across Terry’s name.  I sent him a quick note, hoping he’d even remember me.  A day later, he responded and his note sounded as if he was glad to hear from me.

After a series of emails and missed phone calls, Terry and I finally got a chance to talk.  I found out that Terry is still getting his hustle on; not only is he a singer, but he also has his own recording studio, he produces other artists, and he learned to play a few musical instruments along the way as well.  He is also in the process of forming a multimedia production company to produce films, computer-generated imagery and anything else you could imagine.  To top that off, he is the minister of music at his church.

When we talked, it was really Terry talking.  I was just listening and beaming with pride because he was just as excited about his dreams in 2003 as he was in 1977.  When I asked him how he ended up in L.A. (we were both raised in the D.C. area), he replied, “I had to go where the music was.”  It was just that simple.  One day in 1986, he and his best friend packed up a U-Haul and a dream and drove across country.  And the rest, as they say …  

I thought a lot about what it took for him to make a move like that and then it dawned on me; he didn’t have a choice.  For Terry, there was only one option, and it wasn’t failure.  I remember him saying he wanted to get in the music business when we were kids.  But kids say lots of things.  He’s traveled all over the world, networked with lots of influential people, and most of all he’s happy doing what he was meant to do.  I’m sure there were lots of sacrifices along the way, but he’s lived life and continues to do so with passion.  

For Steven, the brother I didn’t even know, it just amazed me that he would take the time to write me back to just say “thank you” and to give a sister he didn’t even know some much-needed encouragement.  For the sisters who think there are no more “good black men” out there, I just named two!

Somewhere along the way, between my mother’s faith in me and my fear of failure, I lost my “hustle.”  I somehow misplaced the drive, the fortitude, and the sheer hunger for doing what I know I was ordained to do.  Inexplicably, these brothers, one I never met and one I knew growing up, have helped me to “get my hustle back,” whether they know it or not.  Steven and Terry will probably never know how they have motivated me.   All I know is that I feel like I owe it to them, and Nickie too, and all the people over the years who noticed that I had a little “hustle” in me and tried to encourage me to use it, and especially my Mama (who’s up there showing the angels “how it’s done”).  More importantly, I owe it to myself to do what I was sent here to do.

I talked to my friend Terry again.  We actually spent an hour and a half on the phone and it felt like five minutes.  He told me of the many blessings he has received in his life in the last ten years or so, and what has motivated him to be so focused on achieving his goals in the music industry.  He was stricken with kidney failure when he was 34 years old that was brought on by high blood pressure that he didn’t even know he had.  He was on dialysis for well over a year and eventually had a kidney transplant.  The kidney he received was from a guy from Louisiana who had been in a car accident.  One of the kidneys was lacerated (the one they gave to Terry) and the other was given to another gentleman.  The lacerated kidney is working fine to this day.  Unfortunately, the other person didn’t fare as well.  In God’s infinite wisdom, he knew exactly what my friend needed.  

We finally saw each other at our class reunion and it was as if time had stood still in many ways.  I’m not sure what it was that made me feel so comfortable with him.  I guess it was the fact that we had similar backgrounds.  He was my homeboy and it felt good.  Terry was very attentive and protective.  It was comforting to know he was there.  It was like I didn’t know what I’d missed until I had it again.  He looked the same to me.  I guess I had a different way of looking at him since we had been in contact and he had shared so much about what he’d been through.  We spent a lot of time together that night and the next day having brunch.  I realized how much he had grown spiritually.  His life is focused on God and using his talents to serve Him.  He hadn’t lost his sense of humor or his compassion for those in need, he only added to those qualities by inviting God into his life.  I was awestruck and motivated by his commitment.  

I also had the opportunity to meet some of his family and he shared some of his family “stories” with me.  Even through the tragic parts in his life, Terry had a way of making every family member feel as though they were the most precious thing in the world to him and everyone wanted to be around him.

A month or so after my class reunion, my father passed away.  The hardest part for me has been the feeling that I’m disconnected somehow.  With both parents gone, there’s no bridge to my past, my history.  It’s been difficult to discern just what my father left behind in terms of a legacy.  Maybe part of it is me.  I know I don’t want my children to question or wonder if their mother did anything to make the world better.  I want them to know without a doubt that their mother contributed to the world in a positive way.

Yes, I’ve been busy — writing the book I was meant to write and drafting an outline for the next one.  A literary agent and independent publisher have expressed an interest in my work.  I know I have at least three people to thank for helping me get my hustle back: Nickie, Steven, and a sweet and tender soul of a man named Terry.  

—J. Sellars

 

Genocide’s deadly residue

2004 Best of Identify (runner-up)

The international community looked the other way while more than 800,000 people were murdered in Rwanda 10 years ago. Now, justice remains elusive and the harsh aftermath of orphans and HIV, psychological scars and physical scarcity threaten to prolong the killing.

Skulls at Nyamata genocide memorial.

Mbezuanda (who only gave her first name) is a tall, frail woman who often holds her jaw because of a toothache. She is one of the few Tutsis in the small town of Kibuye, who survived the Rwandan genocide 10 years ago. But as with so many other survivors of the massacres, her story does not end happily.

Now, at age 47, she lives in a mud-and-wattle shack with a dirt floor, caring for seven orphans. She has HIV and is getting sicker by the day. Unable to work, she is often short of money to buy food, and the children pick wild guavas and passion fruits to sell in the market. Through an organization that helps genocide widows, she receives free medicines to treat her secondary infections, although they cannot yet afford to give her anti-retrovirals to treat her HIV.

In the end, Mbezuanda regrets having survived.

“When I sit down and think about what happened,” she says unhappily, “I think the best solution is suicide.”

A history of holocaust

Rwanda erupted onto the international scene in April 1994 with a lightning-quick genocide that observers estimate killed tens of thousands of people in the first five days. In the West, the conflict was initially thought to be a civil war, but it soon became clear that it was an attempt by the Hutu majority to eliminate the Tutsi minority. Though media outlets have often described the violence as tribal, scholars to this day disagree about the origins of the Tutsis and Hutus and whether or not they constitute different tribal or ethnic groups, especially since they share the same language, customs, and religion.

The two categories of people became solidified in the 1930s, when Rwanda was under Belgian control and the colonial government issued each Rwandan an identity card specifying his or her “ethnicity.” The Belgians also used Tutsis as overseers of exploited Hutu plantation workers, thereby fueling a lasting sense of resentment among Hutus, and a growing Hutu Power movement. When the country gained independence in 1962, it became a Hutu dictatorship. Every decade or so there were outbreaks of violence, mostly against Tutsis. These episodes were often driven by events in neighboring Burundi, which was dominated by a harsh Tutsi government.

By the late 1980s, there were over 1 million Rwandan Tutsis in exile, many of them in Zaire and Uganda. In late 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) — an army of Rwandan exiles made up of mostly Tutsi, but including some Hutus who grew up in Uganda and opposed the Rwandan status quo — invaded Rwanda from Uganda.

A civil war ensued, and over the next few years, anti-Tutsi rhetoric escalated while killings of Tutsis became increasingly common. In August 1993, President Juvenal Habyarimana signed a peace agreement with the RPF, establishing a plan for a transitional government and eventual multiparty elections. A small U.N. peacekeeping force was deployed in the country.

But the wobbly peace did not hold. On the night of April 6, 1994, a plane carrying Habyarimana was shot down over Kigali, the Rwandan capital. It is still not known who shot down the plane, but many scholars believe the perpetrators were probably disgruntled extremist elements within the Habyarimana government. In any case, radio propaganda advocating extermination of Tutsis had intensified through the early days of April, with broadcasts warning of big events to happen on the 7th or 8th. Within an hour of the plane’s destruction, roadblocks were set up in and around Kigali, and Tutsis attempting to flee were slaughtered.

The genocide continued for three months. Many of the killings were carried out by the ruthless Hutu militias known as the Interahamwe. Armed with machetes, spears and occasionally guns, they went door to door, looking for Tutsis or Tutsi sympathizers. In some places, they were given lists of Tutsis by local mayors or politicians, and set out each day to make sure each and every one was exterminated.

The small and under-equipped U.N. peacekeeping force was unable to help, and Western governments were reluctant to intervene in what they insisted was a civil war. Finally, a French peacekeeping force arrived in late June. By then, most of the killings had already taken place. By early July, the RPF gained control of Kigali. The old regime fled, taking close to a million Hutu refugees with it into Zaire. A new government consisting of the RPF and some Hutu opposition figures was sworn in on July 19, 1994.

The generally accepted estimate of the death toll is 800,000 people, including Tutsis and moderate Hutus who opposed the genocide. This April, however, the Rwandan government said that 937,000 bodies have been identified, and more are expected to be found.

I went to Rwanda in April for the 10th anniversary of the genocide, looking for evidence of reconciliation. I had read some hopeful articles about development projects involving Hutu and Tutsi widows rebuilding their shattered communities, but I found much more rebuilding than actual reconciliation.

The government of Paul Kagame — first elected in 2000 and re-elected in September 2003 — has attempted to eliminate old divisions and create a new national identity, an idea many Rwandans have responded to positively. But national identity and national reconciliation are two different things. And many people question whether it is appropriate to talk of reconciliation when so many of the killers are unremorseful, and the survivors — particularly women — are languishing in poverty and hopelessness. The reality in Rwanda today is that people live together, mostly in peace, because there is simply no other choice.

Inside Nyamata church. The altar still bears a cloth with bloodstains from the killings. The bones behind the altar were to be reburied in a ceremony to mark the 10th anniversary of the genocide.

Haunting memories

I traveled to Kibuye, in western Rwanda, to find survivors and possibly perpetrators, because I had read that 90 percent of the Tutsis in this little town were killed. Mbezuanda was walking along the main road as I was negotiating with a local woman to rent a car and driver for the day. When she heard I was interested in speaking with survivors, the businesswoman brought Mbezuanda over.

Mbezuanda was known in the town, it seemed, for having given testimony to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Because she did not want strangers to hear what happened to her, and said that she was terrified of crowds because of what they did in 1994, we drove around for nearly an hour looking for safe places, and finally, ended up at Mbezuanda’s house.

My translator and I sat on wooden benches in Mbezuanda’s hut. It was dark inside, lit only by the open doorway. Pages torn from newspapers, mostly ads for prayer ceremonies featuring born-again Christian preachers, adorned the earthen walls. She introduced her oldest orphan, a young woman who appeared to be in her late teens and was taking care of the other children. On Mbezuanda’s instructions, the young woman lifted up her batik skirt to show us a huge wound stretching the length of her thigh. The orphan was raped and attacked with a spear during the genocide, Mbezuanda said.

Mbezuanda said that she and her family had first sought refuge in the town stadium, where the local authorities told them to gather in the first few days after the plane crash. When the Interahamwe attacked the crowds in full view of those authorities, Mbezuanda and her husband ran to the church of Home St. Jean, a few kilometers up the hill from the stadium. But Home St. Jean was not safe either. The Interahamwe threw tear gas and grenades into the church, and Mbezuanda’s husband and twin children were killed. Hours later, she found herself lying under the bodies of others who, like them, had hoped for safety in the church.

As she tells it, Bible still in hand, Mbezuanda crawled out, accompanied by a young girl. But outside the church they ran into a group of armed men. They raped and brutally murdered the girl while Mbezuanda got away by paying them off. However, there was another group just behind them, and they tortured and gang-raped her too.

Left and then threatened by a new group of armed Hutu men, Mbezuanda was rescued by a neighbor, an old Hutu woman, who told the attackers that she was already dead. The woman hid Mbezuanda and several other Tutsis in a trench at the back of her banana plantation. When the Interahamwe came looking for Mbezuanda, following rumors she wasn’t dead, she and the others were forced to spend three days in the latrine pit. Finally, the RPF took control of the town and Mbezuanda emerged from her hiding place.

The interior of Ntarma church. This church, now a memorial, was left largely as it was found after the massacre.

The emptiness and the echo

The outlook for Mbezuanda and many others of the estimated 400,000 Tutsi survivors in Rwanda is bleak. Though the country of just over 8 million has been physically rebuilt, and more than 500,000 exiles have returned, survivors’ lives are fraught with difficulties. Not surprisingly, women — who make up a majority of the post-war population — have borne the heaviest burden. Many complain that they are not receiving any aid, even though foreign development organizations and donors are active in Rwanda.

Poverty especially afflicts women survivors. In a country where the average per capita annual income is just $252, survivors such as Mbezuanda struggle to care for orphaned children.

“A lot of them live in housing that is held together literally by a nail, so they don’t know what will happen to their children once they’re gone, and that’s the greatest worry,” said Elizabeth Onyango, program coordinator of African Rights, a human rights organization that has been collecting testimonies about the genocide and its aftermath.

Moreover, the thousands of children born of rape have grown and are making greater financial demands on the family, requiring school materials and clothing. Worse yet, Onyongo added, they are asking about their fathers. For those saved the burden of mouths to feed, loneliness and emotional distress are common.

“You have people who had eight children and they have nothing now,” said Onyango, “just the emptiness and the echo.”

Mamerthe Karuhimbi, another survivor, struggles with the void that the genocide left in her life. She was 19 in 1994, and lost all of her family except for her mother. She remains traumatized by her memories of horrible killings and of her own rape; like most survivors, she has not received psychological counseling. A decade later, she has a boyfriend, but has never married and has no children of her own — unusual for a Rwandan woman who is nearly 30.

When I asked her how she feels about her life now, she answered, “There is no life, because I don’t have a family or children.”

Karuhimbi has also never held a steady job, and has no hope of finding one in Nyamata, the small town where she lives. Though it is only one hour outside Kigali, its one dusty main street lined with decrepit concrete shop-fronts lends it the feel of a dying frontier town. As in most Rwandan towns, there is little commercial life: no supermarkets, no restaurants — just a gas station and a traditional market.

Karuhimbi at least lives in an area where there are other survivors, though she didn’t know of any local survivors’ organizations or support groups. In some places, the vast majority of Tutsis were killed, and the survivors have very little company. Human rights organizations have reported cases of intimidation and even a few murders of witnesses. But it seems likely that most intimidation is subtler, and goes unreported. Even here, like other survivors, Karuhimbi was afraid to speak in public about her experiences. Rwanda is a crowded place, and every time we stopped somewhere, people gathered and stared. Finally, we drove down the road to an empty lot past the gas station, and Moses, my taxi driver who doubled as a translator, periodically shooed away the groups of children that gathered around us.

Prolonged genocide

HIV is the most recent time bomb to hit women survivors such as Mbezuanda. In a recent report, Amnesty International stated that at least 250,000 women were raped during the genocide, and that 70 percent of the female survivors are estimated to have been infected with HIV

Some believe those numbers are an underestimate. “We are sure that 90 percent of Tutsi women were raped,” said Marie Immaculee Ingabire, a spokesperson for the women’s organization Pro Femmes Twese Hamwe. “We are sure that [the women] have not all told,” she noted, citing the immense stigma around rape in conservative Rwanda. But now, Ingabire added, testing positive for HIV is spurring some women to talk about their experiences.

African Rights recently published a report focusing on 201 women survivors in Rwanda and Bujumbura, Burundi. All had been raped, and many were HIV positive. Others did not want to get tested because they felt their situation was hopeless anyway. “A lot of them see themselves as dead already,” Onyango explained. “It’s sort of a prolonged genocide. I don’t know which is worse, dying immediately or dying over 10 years.”

Many Rwandan activists are furious that the genocide suspects awaiting trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), in Arusha, Tanzania, are receiving anti-retrovirals (ARVs) and good medical treatment. Pro Femmes and the London-based Survivors Fund are currently trying to persuade the ICTR and the United Nations to provide ARVs to women survivors so that they can stay alive long enough to testify.

The genocide widows organization Avega Agahozo runs a small clinic in Kigali for 600 HIV positive women, but at the time of my visit, it was only able to provide ARVs to 22. Aurea Kayiganwa, an adovcacy, justice, and information officer, said that Avega Agahozo’s aid has dried up since 1999.

“During the genocide, we didn’t have international solidarity,” Kayiganwa maintained. “What we want now, 10 years after, we want people to help the victims of genocide.”

Since April, funding from the Bush administration and the Global AIDS Fund has made free or heavily subsidized ARVs more widely available in Rwanda and in much of sub-Saharan Africa. But they are still reaching only a minority of the infected, and for some, it is already too late.

Turning a blind eye

Benoit Kaboyi, executive secretary of the main survivors organization Ibuka — which means “remember” in kinyarwanda — is a busy and rather tense man in his 30s.

I arrived early one morning at Ibuka’s cramped offices on the third floor of a concrete building in the center of Kigali. After a long wait, I was ushered into a cluttered room, to the chagrin of a Japanese journalist who got there a few minutes after me. Kaboyi, himself a survivor, was tired of talking to foreign journalists, and a little macho when confronted with a female reporter. He answered my questions rapidly, but with strong, unfeigned emotion. We were constantly interrupted by phone calls and by people sticking their heads in the doorway. It was the day of a major international press conference about the genocide commemoration events, at which Ibuka was scheduled to appear.

Although the Rwandan government has set up a small fund that pays school fees for genocide orphans, they are still discussing how to fund a compensation package. Kaboyi thinks the world has a responsibility to help. “We have to honor the million who were killed while we were watching television,” he argued.

Kaboyi said that donors balk at giving aid to victims because under the rubric of unity and reconciliation, giving special consideration to genocide survivors would be divisive.

“The reality we are facing now is that they say if we support you there will be no unity and reconciliation,” he said. “Imagine unity and reconciliation! The killers have rights to return to their property. They don’t pay anything and they say I will not support you but I will support perpetrators who return home.”

Kaboyi was referring in part to the perceived bias of Western aid agencies toward Hutus in the aftermath of the genocide. Following the mass flight of Hutus to Zaire and Tanzania, hundreds of thousands landed in refugee camps that soon became squalid and disease-ridden. Aid agencies and journalists flocked to the camps, lamenting the dire refugee situation, and mostly ignoring the fact that the camps were controlled by the Interahamwe.

Meanwhile, Tutsi survivors in Rwanda were left to their own devices to reconstruct their lives. In the following years, there was also an emphasis on resettling Hutu returnees, though some critics of the government believe this was simply a way of keeping an eye on people. All the same, there was less concern about resettling survivors because many had never fled the country.

The stance of the United Nations and Western countries during the genocide remains a troublesome topic in Rwanda. In the weeks leading up to the anniversary of the April 6, 1994 plane crash that sparked the mass killings, Rwandan President Paul Kagame repeatedly blamed world powers for the way they ignored the genocide.

Kagame repeated this theme at a commemoration ceremony at Amahoro Stadium in Kigali on April 7. Lacking an official press pass, I slipped into the stadium just as the events began. The audience of about 10,000 was largely silent and somber. Then, when a group of female survivors came out to sing, women in the crowd started to cry noiselessly. As a male survivor took the microphone to give his testimony, the crying turned to sobbing, and shrieks and wails punctured the calm. Soon, several women were carried, limbs flailing, out of the stadium. Every few minutes for about half an hour, another woman erupted and was lifted up and then taken away. Their screams were still audible even when they were in the medical tents outside the stadium.

Toward the end of the ceremony, Kagame addressed the stadium and castigated the international community for disregarding the warning signals and allowing Rwandans to die.

“It is clear that the world had the capacity to stop the genocide but deliberately chose to turn a blind eye on Rwanda,” Kagame said.

While African heads of state including South Africa’s Thabo Mbeki, Uganda’s Yoweri Museveni, and Kenya’s Mwai Kibaki spoke at the ceremony, the Belgian prime minister was the only Western leader to attend.

Uncertain justice

Picturesque as it is, Rwanda also is a very closed place, where people are wary of others. Because it is such a tiny country, people have no choice but to live close together. Some survivors see people who killed friends and relatives walking around every day. It has been peaceful in the last few years, but that doesn’t mean the divisions are gone.

“There’s a lot of mistrust,” said Onyango of African Rights. “You have survivors suspicious of everybody they live around and you have the general population suspicious of survivors.”

The old labels of Hutu and Tutsi are now banned. They are no longer used on national identification cards. The official discrimination of the past regime is long gone, though the Kigali elite is definitely Tutsi-dominated. I was appalled to hear my young translator in Kibuye say that Hutus are “rude, not polite, so it is hard to talk to them.”

Clearly the old categories still resonate for some. “Whoever you are, you don’t want to go through that horror again, but definitely, you know who you are,” Onyango explained. “People are cautious anyway, but they are even more cautious now.”

Nevertheless, there is some evidence that this may be changing, albeit very slowly. For example, Moses, the taxi driver who drove me to Nyamata, was born and raised in Uganda as the child of exiles and moved to Kigali shortly after the genocide. Without being prompted, Moses said that he didn’t know about the distinction between Hutus and Tutsis until he saw the massacres on Ugandan television. And he said he didn’t think about himself or other people in those terms. Perhaps there are others in the younger generation of returnees who feel the same, or at least strive to think that way.

In many other ways, Rwanda is moving on from its past. The economy has rebounded in some parts of the country and Kigali is a rapidly expanding city. Tourism is back, with intrepid travelers once again making their way to see the mountain gorillas. In April, an attractive national museum and memorial center dedicated to the genocide opened in Kigali. But questions of justice and reconciliation always lurk in the background.

Although the ICTR is trying the leaders of the genocide, there are still close to 80,000 lower-level suspects in prison in Rwanda. Given the limited number of judges and lawyers, the government has launched an ambitious plan to try these suspects in local people’s courts known as gacaca (pronounced ga-CHA-cha). These courts, which finally started up this summer, are supposed to involve investigations of what happened in each community, as well as voluntary confessions and apologies from suspects. The panels of judges are all regular community members, and area residents are expected to provide testimony in support of or against suspects. Those who confess will be freed if they have already served jail terms or sentenced to community service.

Human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, however, have expressed reservations about gacaca. Richard Haavisto, Amnesty’s Central Africa researcher, said that communities are not fully participating in gacaca because they don’t have confidence in it. Those who might be willing to give evidence are afraid of retribution, and others are afraid to defend the unjustly accused for fear of being accused themselves.

“The Rwandan government must create a climate which convinces people that there is an equitable justice system at work,” Haavisto argued.

Many Rwandans, though, are willing to give gacaca a try. At the Nyamata church, not far from where Karuhimbi lives, 20,000 people are said to have been massacred. The site’s caretaker, Rwema Epimague, himself a survivor, told me that soldiers and the Interahamwe massacred 10,000 people in and around the church over a period of five days, and another 10,000 in the surrounding areas. The numbers may be exaggerated, as the church does not look big enough to hold more than 1,000 people, but there are undoubtedly a huge number of skeletons at the site.

Unlike some of the other memorials, which have been left largely as they were found, Nyamata was cleaned up and most of the bodies were placed in a huge white-tiled tomb behind the church. There is an opening on top, and a ladder descends into a long, dark hallway, lined by shelves of bones from floor to ceiling.

Inside the church, light pours in through the hundreds of bullet-holes in the tin roof and there are still bloodstains on the walls. As with many other churches around Rwanda, crowds of Tutsis crowded into the church and its grounds, thinking they would be safe. But the Interahamwe fought their way inside after throwing grenades and tear gas. They left piles of bodies behind.

One of the survivors of the massacre is now a teenage boy with a huge scar on his shaved head. Edmond Cassius Niyonsaba, a high school student, said that he stayed alive by hiding under the corpses of his mother and father inside the church. Edmond followed me around with a sweet smile, and his speech was somewhat slurred.

On the day I visited Nyamata, workers were busy digging up bodies from the grassy fields near the church. Inside, there were at least a dozen partially mummified corpses lying on a blue plastic tarp, ready for the anniversary reburial on the 7th. Bits of clothing were still visible on the bodies, as were the ropes that bound their wrists.

Epimague informed me that there were bodies like these still in the ground all around the church, and all over the country as well. He was less concerned about justice than with finding the bodies. Epimague hopes that gacaca confessions will reveal the locations of yet more mass graves. “It helps prove exactly how many people were killed,” he said.

On a visit to the former Hutu stronghold of Ruhengeri, a mountainous area where the Interahamwe militia once found a great deal of support, I spoke with several farmers about their lives. Most Rwandans were extremely careful about criticizing the government, especially in the current climate in which opponents can easily be accused of promoting genocidal ideology. But these farmers were quick to say that not much has changed for them economically. “I was poor before the genocide and I am poor now,” one woman told me.

Though the woman farmer used the genocide as a time marker, she, and others, evaded my questions about what happened here in 1994. Most Hutus are extremely loathe to discuss the genocide. The only answer I could extract was one older man’s very quiet admission that many people died in his community. Yet most of those I spoke with said they approved of gacaca and thought it was a good solution.

On the long drive back through the mountains back to Kigali, I wondered if it was easier to accept gacaca if you weren’t the one whose whole family was murdered.

’How Can You Get Them to Answer to Their Crimes?’

Despite the fact that there were so many killers during the genocide, it was hard to find anyone out of jail that admitted to having taken part. Most of the leaders and the hardcore extremists were either awaiting trial at the ICTR or have fled to the Democratic Republic of Congo. Though Rwandan survivors often claimed that the perpetrators were still living in their communities, they would not help me find them. The closest I got to a perpetrator was Musavimana.

A mechanic in Kibuye, Musavimana (the only name he gave me) was only willing to speak to me if we went to a little island nature reserve where there was no one else around. He was a nervous, hard-looking man who seemed much older than his 24 years. Musavimana, unlike some Hutus, did not deny that the genocide happened, or that it was a genocide committed by Hutus against Tutsis.

He described the events in the town from April 7 onward, insisting, “The people involved in the killing were Hutu, the Tutsi didn’t kill anyone.” He added that the massacres in Kibuye were well-organized, planned ahead of time, and carried out quickly.

Musavimana said that after the RPF took over in 1994, he was arrested for a crime he did not commit. He claimed that he buried a Tutsi boy who had been killed by some Hutu boys. He witnessed the murder because his family had provided shelter to the boy behind their house. He said that a Tutsi woman saw him with the body after the killers had fled, and later reported him to the police. Musavimana spent over eight years in jail. One day during a work release, he saw the killers, and convinced them to confess to the killing in the special prison gacaca. Those who confessed in prison were released, and so they took the opportunity to do so, taking the blame off of Musavimana, who was also released.

He praised gacaca, but cautioned, “Not all people will welcome gacaca, because some people who did bad things are still free, and they will do everything possible to fight it.”

As we clambered back from the island onto the shore and walked toward the road, we were met by several men who called out to Musavimana. Clearly they wanted to know what he was doing with foreigners and a Tutsi. My translator was nervous. I tried to give Musavimana some cash nonchalantly so it would look like he was just acting as a guide, and thanked him for showing us around. We drove off quickly, and I looked back before we rounded a corner to see Musavimana talking with the men. All I could do was hope that they were friends.

Was Musavimana’s story true? If so, it was both a sad story of the miscarriage of justice, which suggests that there are probably innocent people in jail, and a sign of hope, that there are ordinary Hutus who think that what happened in 1994 was wrong. It seems unlikely that he would have agreed to talk to a foreign journalist if he had something to hide. On the other hand, even the minority of prisoners who have confessed to committing crimes in 1994 have refused to take full responsibility. Most insist that they were forced to do what they did, or that they only acted as accomplices and didn’t carry out actual murders.

Some survivors such as Kaboyi and Mbezuanda doubt that there will ever be justice in Rwanda. Mbezuanda said that she may be dead before her time comes to testify in the gacaca court, and Kaboyi wasn’t sure justice could ever be possible.

“I don’t know,” he shrugged, toward the end of our conversation. “Imagine more than 1 million killed. Imagine more or less than 1 million participated. How can you get them to answer to their crimes? I don’t know.”

When I asked Onyango of African Rights about whether she thought gacaca was worthwhile, she answered that it was not ideal, but that it was the only viable solution out there.

But even with gacaca, she said, reconciliation takes time. “The whole idea of unity and reconciliation sometimes is touted too much,” she warned. “It’s not what’s really happening and it’s not going to happen that suddenly.”

Go to part two

 

Genocide’s deadly residue (part two)

2004 Best of Identify (runner-up)

The international community looked the other way while more than 800,000 people were murdered in Rwanda 10 years ago. Now, justice remains elusive and the harsh aftermath of orphans and HIV, psychological scars and physical scarcity threaten to prolong the killing.

Go to part one

Building solidarity among women

Women’s organizations may offer the best chance for Rwanda’s future. Avega Agahozo has a project in the southern city of Butare, involving orphans, and both genocide widows and the wives of genocidaires  who make traditional baskets to sell at craft shops. Countless other associations have similar projects targeting rural women.

I met Laurence Mbarishimana, a female farmer in her 30s, on a steep roadside in Ruhengeri. She said she has benefited from an association called Twisungane, which brings together Tutsi and Hutu widows and helps them with agriculture. “Before the genocide I must admit I was very ignorant,” she said quietly. “Before I used to harvest 30 kilos of beans, but now I harvest 50 kilos.” Mbarishimana also thought that the two groups could coexist: “There is no reason that people should not live together, especially if one group is willing to ask forgiveness.”

Rwanda’s violent history may even provide common ground for women. “Now Rwandan women know that all women can be raped,” said Marie Immaculee Ingabire of Pro Femmes. “We have to build solidarity between us because we are targets in the same way in a conflict situation.”

After the parliamentary elections last fall, Rwanda now boasts the highest percentage of women in parliament of any country in the world (48.4 percent). Some Rwandan women are still skeptical that this will make a difference in their own daily lives.

Agnes Musabyimana, 33, is another woman farmer in Ruhengeri. Clutching a leather-bound Bible as she left a prayer meeting, she told me that in her village, women have unhappy marriages and live hard lives. She said that there are an equal number of male and female leaders, but there hasn’t been any change. “They’re not working for our benefit,” she said flatly. “It’s for their own benefit.”

Nevertheless, Ingabire felt that the recently elected women in parliament would be subject to pressure from their constituents. “This is very important for us, because now even these women who are in parliament, if they are not able to make changes, we can change them,” she said.

Moreover, she said the fact that so many of those left to rebuild the country in the wake of the genocide were women has been important in changing traditional social attitudes.

“I don’t know that genocide can have a good side, but I think that because of the genocide, the mentality now has changed in this country. Because Rwandans saw that now women are able to do something, are able to build the country. So they have to give them the opportunity,” Ingabire said.

In the end, many survivors are not sure that the much-vaunted reconciliation is likely or even desirable right now, but they hold it out as a possibility for the future. Aurea Kayiganwa of Avega Agehozo said tolerance and justice must come first. “It’s very hard for us, to lose your family and be asked to make unity and reconciliation. We can’t imagine that, but we do it for our children.”

Lake Kivu, on Rwanda’s western border.

Telling the world

On a hill above Kibuye, the church of Home St. Jean overlooks the luxuriant green shores of Lake Kivu. Its stonework and beautiful stained glass windows are unusual for a church in this part of the world. It is such an idyllic place that it is difficult to believe the horrors that happened here. But directly in front of the church is something it shares with so many other Rwandan churches: a genocide memorial. The memorial is simple, several concrete tombs with new wreaths on them, and a sign saying that several thousand people were killed here in 1994. I saw the church and memorial before I met Mbezuanda, so I had no idea of the life and death struggle that had gone on inside.

When I was done interviewing Mbezuanda, we stepped out of her house and took photos. As we posed I put my arm around her shoulder. I didn’t realize that such a simple gesture would mean so much to her. She grinned and clasped my hand. We walked down the steep, red dirt path to the car, with her holding my hand the entire way. I was used to seeing women hold hands with each other in Africa, so I didn’t feel strange. As we got to the bottom of the hill, Mbezuanda was still smiling and she remarked that holding hands with me reminded her of her husband, and how they used to hold hands.

I realized at that moment that Mbezuanda’s isolation was not merely social, but physical. The immense stigma of being HIV positive, added to the strange position of being a living reminder of events that many would rather not think of, meant that Mbezuanda probably had little physical contact with anyone but her orphans. It was a harsh and unexpected situation for a woman living in one of the world’s most densely populated countries.

On my way back to Kigali, I passed the church again. After hearing Mbezuanda’s harrowing account, it now looked sinister. Though Mbezuanda’s husband and children were in those tombs, she was not. Instead, she was telling the world about what had happened to her, and however difficult the task, it meant that the genocide did not succeed.

STORY INDEX

MARKETPLACE >
Purchase these books through Powells.com and a portion of the proceeds benefit InTheFray

The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe, and Power in the Heart of Africa
by Bill Berkeley.
URL: http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=28164&cgi=product&isbn=0465006418

We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow we will be Killed with Our Families
by Philip Gourevitch.
URL: http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=28164&cgi=product&isbn=0312243359

When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda
by Mahmoud Mamdani.
URL: http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=28164&cgi=product&isbn=0691102805

A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide
by Linda Melvern.
URL: http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=28164&cgi=product&isbn=185649831x

A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide
by Samantha Power.
URL: http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=28164&cgi=product&isbn=0060541644

The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
by Gerard Prunier.
URL: http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=28164&cgi=product&isbn=1850653720

Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda
by Peter Uvin.
URL: http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/partner?partner_id=28164&cgi=product&isbn=1565490835

ORGANIZATIONS >

Frontline: The Triumph of Evil
URL: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/

Human Rights Watch 1999 Report: Leave None to Tell the Story
URL: http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/

Rwanda 10
URL: http://www.rwanda10.org

The Rwanda Project: Through the Eyes of Children
URL: http://www.rwandaproject.org

The Survivors Fund
URL: http://www.survivors-fund.org

 

A wild life

2004 Best of Through the Looking Glass

Leading simple but hard lives, Brazil’s cowboys are responsible for producing much of the beef that fills North American supermarkets.


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to enter the visual essay.

For over 100 years, Brazil’s cowboys have earned a living and shaped a culture with their bare hands and sweat. The life of a cowboy in Brazil is not for the timid. It is an intense existence filled with hard work on long, hot days. To herd cattle in the midwest of Brazil is to live.  

Brazilian cowboys  lead simple lives. Most had a father or relative who was one. They do not regret passing by other opportunities, because their life is handed to them at a young age. Cowboys, or peoes as they are known in Portuguese, begin training very young. They accompany their elders until the day comes when  they start the ride to herd beef cattle with other peoes.

Most cowboys live their entire lives on the same ranch. As part of their pay, housing on the grounds is provided at least that’s how it works on the many ranches of renowned Porto Murtinho Fazendeiro, Nelson Cintra.

On Nelson’s ranches, cowboys like Rivalino receive a monthly salary based on skill and performance. They also receive housing in general living quarters, or in a small two-room house if they have a family. When they need medical care, all they need to do is ask, and the boss will normally pay.

This is not a bad life, considering the economic situation in Brazil. A small and wealthy elite still controls most of the land and resources, and much of the population continues to live in poverty. In rural areas there is no middle class. Most of the simple shacks of rural laborers lack water supply, sewerage, and electricity, unless they are lucky enough to live on a ranch.

Brazilian society displays vast inequities between rich and poor, leaving a huge economic barrier. Despite economic progress, the situation in Brazil is that of a profound schism between the haves and the have-nots. Those who become cowboys in Brazil live a simple existence but are grateful for whatever little they have. They work hard during the day and play hard at rodeos at night, an occasional respite. However, much of the rural population — especially cowboys and their families living on ranches — lack access to educational, social, and financial resources which could dramatically improve their position in life.

Being a Brazilian cowboy is not a revered profession. It’s not envied or sought after by many. There is even a stigma attached to it by some  who see cowboys as uneducated, illiterate, and socially inept. It may be true that most don’t receive an education past elementary school, if at all. And they rarely leave the ranch for excursions to the city. You can almost count on never seeing a cowboy visiting a museum.

But when we look at the beef surrounding us in supermarkets and restaurants, we can begin to appreciate these cowboys for dedicating themselves to their profession, day in and day out.

 

A good day for Grant

For another child it would be a typical day at school. But for Grant, a seven-year-old coping with attention deficity hyperactivity disorder, it's a day of frustration and loneliness.

Click here to enter the visual essay.

Today was a very good day for Grant,” Kay McNeil, a teacher at Mary Paxton Keeley Elementary School, said on Wednesday, May 5, 2004. “We’ve been working on his not hitting other kids. For a week and a half, he hasn’t hit anyone.”

Seven-year-old Grant Lanham was diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) when he was three. He has been taking medication for it ever since.

Nowadays so many children have been diagnosed with ADHD that there is public concern about potential widespread over-diagnosis. However, Grant’s parents think he cannot function in school without taking his medicine.

When Grant was first diagnosed with ADHD, the Lanhams already knew what to do. Jordan, Grant’s older brother, was given the same diagnosis eight years ago after a teacher told the Lanhams that their son could not sit still in his seat at school. At that time, the boys’ father, Geoff, realized he had suffered the same difficulties during his own childhood. Four years ago, Geoff Lanham was also diagnosed with ADHD, a hereditary disease.

“When Grant was about three years old, he was twice as bad as Jordan and he would run into the street after you said to him to stop and wait for an adult. He was constantly moving and on the go,” said Grant’s mother, Pam Lanham.

Grant visits his doctor every three months to make sure his medication is working the way it should, and to make sure he is gaining weight properly, because his medication suppresses his appetite. The Lanhams say medication helps Grant keep himself more in control.

Although children with ADHD have problems concentrating on tasks at school because of their hyperactivity, many are smart and surprisingly creative. Sometimes Grant spends hours reading books or building Legos at home. He likes science and math, and surprised his teacher and parents with verbiage unusual for seven-year-olds.

“His mind is always looking at things in different ways,” Pam Lanham said. “I wish we could channel all of Grant’s energy into something constructive.”

One problem for children with ADHD seems almost counterintuitive: an excess of attention, or hyper-focusing. It is hard for Grant to shift his attention from one thing to another. He is a happy boy at home because he is usually free to indulge in whatever he is interested in whenever he feels the interest. However, if Grant is interrupted, he gets frustrated and yells.

Grant also has some problems with group socializing. At school, Grant not only lacks concentration in class and excessive focusing, he also shows aggressive behavior on account of his impulsivity.

“Children with ADHD cannot function with other children sociably,” McNeil said.

Grant sometimes gets frustrated and pushes other children when they do something he doesn’t like.

“ADHD children have a very short fuse and get angry very quickly and they don’t realize they are angry,” Geoff Lanham said.

One day, Grant kicked the father of one of his classmates at school. After Grant threw a fork at a girl in lunchtime, he had his lunch at the principal’s office — alone.

“He doesn’t have any friends,” Pam Lanham said. “That’s probably the hardest part of the whole thing.”

STORY INDEX

ORGANIZATIONS >

Children & Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
URL: www.chadd.org

Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health
URL: www.ffcmh.org  

American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
URL: www.aacap.org

Fight for Kids
URL: www.fightforkids.org

 

Nuba, Nuer, and Dinka

Darfur is just the latest in military and paramilitary attacks in the name of ethnic cleansing and its terrifying relationship with oil development. The Nuba, Nuer, and Dinka are all minority groups within Sudan that have been terrorized and displaced in the last 20 years of the Sudanese civil war. The Nuba are the most widely known because of German photographer Leni Reifenstahl’s idealized portraits of the historic tribes people. For a complete history, see “Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights” at  film at the Human Rights Watch website.